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属:松芝属Tomophagus

基本信息

  • 通用中文名Chinese name:松芝属
  • 拉丁学名Scientific Name:Tomophagus


本文由 Uwiling 供稿



Tomophagus cattienensis的担子果。来源:Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections
松芝属Tomophagus是灵芝家族中罕为人知的一个属,目前明确包含两个种(截至2024年3月1日),由Murrill在1902年建立。松芝属物种过去被置于灵芝属Ganoderma中。后因其菌肉颜色较浅和质地软的特点,被Murrill移入另成立的松芝属中,但这一特征关于松芝属的独立分类地位的说服力较弱(灵芝属部分物种也具有质地较软和颜色较浅的菌肉)。进入分子生物学时代以前,Tomophagus这一属级概念不被包括Furtado, Steyaert, Corner, Ryvarden等人在内的众多学者接受。后经系统发育学研究,松芝属物种成一独立演化支系,至此证实了松芝属的独立分类地位。
松芝属物种目前已知在东南亚、南亚、北非、新热带地区均有分布。

描述Description

宏观形态特征:松芝属物种子实体一年生,无柄,软木栓质。菌盖单生,扇形。菌盖表面浅稻草黄色至红褐色,具弱漆状光泽,光滑,不具纹饰或纹饰不明显。菌肉白色至木褐色,软木栓质。菌孔面白色至稻草黄色;管壁厚,全缘;菌孔圆形。 微观形态特征:松芝属物种菌丝二型;生殖菌丝无色,薄壁,具分枝,具锁状联合;骨架菌丝无色至浅黄色,厚壁,具狭窄的空腔或近实心,树状,显著狭缩,卷曲。担孢子椭球形至卵圆形,具平截,黄色至浅黄褐色,具显著厚的双层壁结构;孢子外壁略具小凹陷至疣状隆起或网状隆起;孢子内壁具短的不规则的脊突。
讨论:菌孔面划伤不具血红色颜色反应,菌肉颜色较浅、质地较软等特征是区别其他属的主要依据(笔者个人认为:这种分类依据仍然难以与灵芝属部分物种进行区分,并且松芝属物种的担孢子为典型的灵芝状,可能需要结合分子数据才能区分开来两者)。
模式物种:Tomophagus colossus巨大松芝
生境及地理分布:分布于菲律宾、印度、斯里兰卡、巴基斯坦、墨西哥、马来西亚、越南、埃及、哥斯达黎加、巴西、中部非洲、南部非洲、美国东南部、也门、伊朗、阿曼等热带、亚热带地区。生于榕属等阔叶林腐木桩上。
经济价值:可能有潜在的药用价值或可用作牲畜饲料添加剂且有报道人工驯化栽培成功。不少国家或地区视芝类为严重的森林木材病害菌,请遵守当地法律法规。

系统发育树位置图例

可拖动或缩放树

灵芝类(旧分类为灵芝科,现归入多孔菌科)系统发育树,示松芝属位置



代表物种


Tomophagus colossus的担子果(人工栽培)。来源:Tomophagus cattienensis sp. nov., a new Ganodermataceae species from Vietnam: evidence from morphology and ITS DNA barcodes
Tomophagus colossus的担孢子。来源:Studies in Neotropical Polypores 2: A Preliminary Key to Neotropical Species of Ganoderma with a Laccate Pileus
巨大松芝Tomophgus colossus (Fr.) Murrill 1905
异名:
Dendrophagus colossus (Fr.) Murrill 1905
Ganoderma colossus (Fr.) C.F. Baker 1918
Polyporus colossus Fr. 1851
Polyporus hollandii Massee 1901
Thermophymatospora fibuligera Udagawa 1986
子实体一年生,无柄,干后质量损失显著。菌盖单生,扇形。菌盖表面幼时黄色,后变为黄褐色,老后变暗,起初具不明显的绒毛后迅速形成薄而具漆状光泽的外壳。菌肉奶油色至浅黄色,软,纤维多孔状,不具暗线,同质。菌孔面新鲜时奶油色,老后或干后变暗至浅褐色并失去漆状光泽;管壁薄,全缘;菌孔圆形至角形,较大;菌管浅肉桂褐色。
分布:分布于越南、菲律宾等东南亚地区,印度、斯里兰卡、巴基斯坦等南亚地区,埃及等北非地区和哥斯达黎加、巴西、墨西哥等新热带地区。美国东南部、也门、阿曼、伊朗有相关报道,南非、中非地区亦有报道分布。中国可能没有分布
生态:生于榕属等阔叶林腐木桩上,可能有很广泛的寄主范围。
营养类型:寄生Parasitic、腐生Saprotrophic
讨论:本种是个罕见种,但分布范围很广,也是个泛热带种。曾被置于灵芝属中,但因其不具平截的担孢子以及其菌肉颜色较浅、质地较软的特征与灵芝属物种区分开来(笔者个人认为:这种分类依据仍然难以与灵芝属部分物种进行区分,并且松芝属物种的担孢子为典型的灵芝状,可能需要结合分子数据才能区分开来两者)。
相似物种:与灵芝属物种较为相似,同具漆状光泽的菌盖和灵芝状担孢子的形态特征,但本种菌肉颜色较浅、质地较软(笔者个人认为:这种分类依据仍然难以与灵芝属部分物种进行区分,并且松芝属物种的担孢子为典型的灵芝状,可能需要结合分子数据才能区分开来两者)。
描述:
Basidiocarps annual, sessile, up to 50 X 25 X 12 cm, very light in weight when dried; upper surface of pileus finely tomentose at first but quickly developing a thin, laccate crust that is easily dented with a fingernail, first yellow, then yellowish brown or eventually blackening with age; pore surface cream colored when fresh, darkening to a dull pale brown on age or drying, the pores angular to rounded, 2- 4 per mm, with thick, entire dissepiments; tube layer pale vinaceous brown, also soft, up to 2 cm thick, context cream colored to pale buff, soft, fibrous-spongy, azonate, homogeneous, up to 10 cm thick. Hyphal system dimitic, generative hyphae obscure, thin-walled, with clamps 2.5-4 μm diam; skeletal hyphae apically arboriform thick-walled, hyaline, weakly dextrinoid in Melzer's reagent, 2-6 μm diam. Cuticle cells clavate, often with an apical crown of crystals, 75 X 7.5-12 μm. Basidia almost spherical with a short narrowed base, apparently 4-sterigmate, 20-30 X 13- 17 μm. Basidiospores ellipsoid, with a rounded or truncate apex and an apical germ pore, pale brown in KOH, negative in Melzer's reagent, 15-19 x 10.5- 12.5 μm. Chlamydospores scattered through context, rare in the trama, reddish brown in KOH, negative in Melzer's reagent, spherical, thick-walled, with a coarse reticulate surface ornamentation and blunt, cylindric projections up to 4 μm long and 2 μm wide, main body of spore 18-23 μm diam.
Remarks. This is a very distinctive species in Ganoderma with the yellow, laccate pilear surface, pale context with slightly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, large basidiospores, and the striking chlamydospores providing a unique combination of characters. The species is the type of Tomophagus Murrill
参考文献
  1. Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections, 2022. Sun Y-F, Xing J-H, He X-L, Wu D-M, Song C-G, Liu S, Vlasák J, Gates G, Gibertoni TB, Cui B-K. Studies in Mycology 101: 287–415    https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2022.101.05
  2. Delimitation of taxa in Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) based in morphology and molecular phylogeny of Brazilian specimens, 1998. Gomes-Silva, Allyne & Lima-Júnior, Nelson & Malosso, Elaine & Ryvarden, Leif & Gibertoni, Tatiana. Phytotaxa. 227    https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.227.3.1
  3. Taxonomy and phylogeny of polypores with ganodermatoid basidiospores (Ganodermataceae), 2020. D. H. Costa-Rezende, G. L. Robledo, E. R. Drechsler-Santos, M. Glen, G. Gates, B. R. de Madrignac Bonzi et al.. Mycological Progress 19: 725–741    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01589-1
  4. Multi-gene phylogeny and taxonomy of Amauroderma s. lat. (Ganodermataceae), 2020. Sun YF, Costa-Rezende DH, Xing JH, et al.. Persoonia 44: 206–239    
  5. Species of Ganoderma and related genera mainly of the Bogor and Leiden herbaria, 1972. Steyaert RL.. Persoonia 7: 55–118.    
  6. Tomophagus cattienensis sp. nov., a new Ganodermataceae species from Vietnam: evidence from morphology and ITS DNA barcodes, 2012. Le XT, Le QHN, Pham ND, et al.. Mycological Progress 11: 775– 780    
  7. Studies in Neotropical Polypores 2: A Preliminary Key to Neotropical Species of Ganoderma with a Laccate Pileus, 2000. Ryvarden, Leif.. Mycologia. 92. 180    https://doi.org/10.2307/3761462
  8. Tomophagus cattienensis sp. nov., a new Ganodermataceae species from Vietnam: evidence from morphology and ITS DNA barcodes, 2012. Le XT, Le QHN, Pham ND, et al.. Mycological Progress 11: 775– 780    
  9. Studies in Neotropical Polypores 2: A Preliminary Key to Neotropical Species of Ganoderma with a Laccate Pileus, 2000. Ryvarden, Leif.. Mycologia. 92. 180    https://doi.org/10.2307/3761462
  10. Cattienoids A–C, three novel steroids from the mushroom Tomophagus cattienensis, 2013. Bui Thi Thu Hien, Le Thi Phuong Hoa, Le Xuan Tham, Dang Ngoc Quang. Fitoterapia    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2013.08.020
  11. The Polyporaceae of North America: I. The genus Ganoderma, 1902. Murrill WA. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 29: 599–608    
  12. Tomophagus for Dendrophagus, 1905. Murrill WA. Torreya 5: 197    
  13. Nutritional Composition, Antioxidant Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Enzymatic Potential of Ficus nitida-Associated Tomophagus colossus, 2023. Al-Bedak, O.A.-H.M.; Moharram, A.M.; Abdel-Raheem, H.E.-D.F.; Stephenson, S.L.; Ameen, F.. Agronomy 13, 2850    https:// doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112850
  14. New records on the genus Tomophagus and Battarrea for mycobiota of Egypt, 2019. Abdel-Azeem, Ahmed & Nafady, Nivien. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology. 9. 77-84    https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/9/1/8
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  17. Morphology and phylogeny revealed Tomophagus cattienensis (Ganodermataceae) as a new record for India, 2023. Saha, R., Dutta, A.K., Roy, A. et al. Nucleus 66, 161–166    https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-023-00422-w
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  19. Further basidiomycetes from Yemen, 2008. Kreisel H, Al‐Fatimi M. Feddes Repertorium. 119, 463–483    





松芝属Tomophagus在我国有分布的物种 共计 0 个




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如需引用本文可参考下列格式:
蔡佳铭. 2023. 松芝属Tomophagus. 菌物志Mycopedia. http://www.mycopedia.top/taxa.php?details=Tomophagus
J.M. Cai. 2023. Genus Tomophagus [Chinese]. Mycopedia. http://www.mycopedia.top/taxa.php?details=Tomophagus