19, Lepiota castanea Quel. in C.r. Ass. franc.Av, Sci.(Reims,1880)9: 661.1881 (Champ. Jura Vosges Suppl. 10).- Fig. 95.
Lepiota ignicolor Bres.. Fungi trident. 2: 3. 1892;
Lepiota ignipes Locq. in Bull. mens. Soc. linn.Lyon 14: 59. 1945 (not valid);
Lepiota ignipes Locq.ex M. Bon in Doc. mycol. 8 (30-31): 70.1978.
ExCL.- Lepiota castanea sensu Pilt in Acta Mus. natn. Prag. 11B(2): 3-5.1955(= probably L. boudieri).
MISAPPL.- Lepiota fulvella sensu Alessio in Micol. ital. 21 (3): 1620.1992.
SEL.ICON.- M.Bon in Fung. rar, Ic. col. 1l: pl.84, fg.2.1979 (asL. ignicolor); Breitenb.& Kranzl, Pilze Schweiz 4: pl.219,228.1995(as L. castanea and L. ignicolor resp.); Candusso & Lanzoni, Lepiota:pl. 18. 1990; Kiner in Bull. trimmest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 53: Atlas pl. 742. 1937; Lanzoni & Candusso in Boll. Gruppo micol. G. Bres.26: 101.1983; R. Phillips, Paddest. Schimm.: 29. 1981; Rald et al. in Svampe26: 39. 1992; D. Reid in Fung. rar. Ic. col. 6: pl. 43b. 1972.
SEL. DESCR.& FIGS.- Enderle & Krieglst.in Z. Mykol. 55: 53-55.and 73-75 (as L. ignicolor). 1989: Horak in Boll. Gruppo micol. GBres.26: 90-92.1983 (as L ignicolor); Kelderman, Parasolzw. Zuid.Limburg: 78-79,88-89, and 90-91.1994 (resp.as L. castanea, L. igni-color, and L. ignipes); Mal. & Bert, Fl. Champ. sup. Maroc 1: 1301970 (as L. ignipes); Migl. & Clericuzio in Micol. Veget. medit. 4: 36.38.1989 (as L. ignicolor); D. Reid in Fung. rar. Ic.col. 6: 11-14. 1972VERN.NAME - Kastanjeparasolzwam,incl.Vuurparasolzwam.
Pileus 6-40 mm, campanulate or paraboloid when young, expandingto plano-convex, often with (broad) umbo, when young equally darkred-brown, red-brown, orange-brown (e.g.Mu.5 YR 2.5/2,5-75 YR3/4, S YR 4/6,C.5 YR 5-6/8 at centre and when young, later andtowards margin 5 YR 4/6, 7.5 YR 4-5/6) and velvety-tomentose withuplifted squamules, with age breaking up in smaller patches or squa-mules, often in concentrical zones and towards margin more radiallyfibrillose, pallescent towards margin, on predominantly white or palebackground (7.5 YR 7/8-8/6, 5 YR 7/8), or not or hardly showing theunderlying context at all, with age often orange discolouring, sometimes with some white velar remnants at margin, and margin exceeding lamellae, especially when young. Lamellae, L = 25-40, I = 1-5.moderately distant to moderately crowded, free, ventricose, up to 6 mmwide, white at first, later cream, often with orange sheen (e.g. 10 YR8/5) and with age orange-spotted, with white fine-flocculose edge.Stipe 22-65 x 1-6 mm, cylindrical, subbulbous at base, often curvedin basal part, narrowly fistulose, at apex (1/4 to 1/3 of length) cream orpale pinkish cream-coloured and lengthwise adnate-fibrillose, without.rarely with, annulus, below this zone with fibrillose to squamulose cov-ering, concolorous with squamules on pileus on shiningly white toslightly paler or yellowish-reddish, pinkish orange, pale red-brown ororange-brown (5 YR 5/6,6-5/8) background, often staining orangewhen touched, sometimes orange-brown strigose at base, often withwhite mycelial cords at base. Annulus rarelpresent small and wool.ly. Context whitish cream in pileus and in stipe apex, lower down instipe concolorous with surface and often becoming vivid orange withage. Smell fruity, like the sweet component of the L. cristata smell.Taste mild, fungoid. Spore print white.
Spores in side-view 7.0-14.0(-15.5) X 3.0-5.5 m,Q =(1.85-)2.03.0(-3.3), Qav = 2.15-2.9, more or less cylindrical, with especially inthe longer spores a distinct sac-like spur, which protrudes from abaxi-al side, rarely with suprahilar depression, with patent hilar appendagein frontal view,(sub)cylindrical, thick-walled, uniguttulate or not,strongly_dextrinoid, congophilous, not metachromatic in Cresyl BlueBasidia 19-32 X 6-10 um,4-spored,rarely intermixed 2-sporedLamella edge sterile. Cheilocystidia 19-41 X 5-10 pm, fusiform, nar-rowly utriform, narrowly clavate, or cylindrical with subcylindricalapex, colourless, rarely thick-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileus cov-ering made up of erect cylindrical elements, 55-330 X 7-22 um, with-out or with up to 3 septa, with parietal brown pigment and additionallysome pigment soluble in ammonia, with a layer of adnate, cylindricalflexuous hyphae,2.0-5.0 um wide, with narrowly clavate to subcapi-tate, terminal elements and brown thickened walls. Stipitipellis a cutismade up of colourless, cylindrical elements, 2.0-4.0 pm wide; elementsin squamules shorter, more irregular, more flexuous and more oftennon-septate than those on pileus; underlayer of irregular, flexuouscylindrical hyphae present. Clamp-connections present in all tissuesicandteresARitrial in deciduous, mixed or coniferous woods, in mossy dune scrub.also on mine waste heaps, on sandy to clayey soils, often rich inhumus. In the Netherlands rather common throughout the country, butless common in districts characterized by nutrient-poor sand; Aug.-midNov. Widespread in Europe and temperate parts of Asia, also in NorthAmerica.
Lepiota castanea in the present sense is a variable species, both inmacroscopical characters and in microscopical characters like spore sizeand pileus covering. Some specimens show a more intense orange dis-coloration when touched or with age than others. The aspect of thepileus, completely brown or showing white context, differs greatly, anddepends on the development of the felted underlayer: if this layer is welldeveloped the pileus surface is totally covered; in specimens with a poorly developed underlayer the underlying context shows more clearlyVariants occurring in the dune area are strikingly slender and have a bril.liant-white stipe; they also show more white on the pileus than the moresturdy inland types. This dune variant is probably Bon's L. ignipes.The spore sizes differ greatly between collections, from 7.0-9.0 umin one to l2-14 um in others. But the range of the spore sizes is a con.tinuum, without separable units. The small-spored collections tend tohave less-septate elemenis in the pileus covering. The number of septain these pileus elements differs. not only between collections, but alsoduring the growth of the pileus (the number increases with growth) andthe number of septa is greater at the pileus centre than at the margin ofthe pileus. The pigment is situated inside the walls of these elementsand in the walls of the underlying elements, but in addition to this pari-etal pigment there is often some pigment that is soluble in ammoniaHorak (in Boll. Gruppo micol. G. Bres.26: 90-92.1983) characterized L. ignicolor by its small spores, non-septate elements and vacuolar pigment. Unfortunately this combination is notasstraightforward as it seems. Specimens with small spores and up to 2septa in their pileus elements do occur, and so do basidiocarps with bigspores, and soluble pigment or with spores over 10 um long with nonseptate elements in the pileus covering.Migliozzi & Zecchin (in Micol. ital. 26 (2): 11-22.1997) distin.guished three species in this complex: L. castanea Qul. sensu stricto.L. castanea sensu auct., and L ignicolor Bres., differing in colour.structure of the pileus covering and spore size. In view of the transitions in spore size, the variability in the number of septa and the lengthof the pileus covering elements, their ideas are not followed here, andL. castanea is given in a broad sense.
Lepiota cingulum is closely related to L. castanea and is often confused with the latter in the field: for differences see under L. cingulum.Lepiota andegavensis Mornand (in Doc. mycol. 12 (48): 43.(“1982') 1983) comes very close, but that species is characterized byvery dark colours on the pileus. Judging from Bon's description (Flmycol. Eur. 3,LEpiotes: 54. 1993) the pileus covering resembles thatof L boudieri, but that is not the case; the elements are septate and bearonly a basal clamp-connection.
Lepiota castanea contains a lower amount of amanitins than thespecies in Lepiota sect. Ovisporae subsect. Helveolinae (GErault &Girre in C.r. hebd.Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris,SEr. D,280: 2842.1966).
