担子菌Basidiomycete > 蘑菇目Agaricales > 蘑菇科Agaricaceae > 小蘑菇属Micropsalliota

上一次编辑：2022/7/10

Last edit: 2022/7/10

作者：卷柏

By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia

小蘑菇属Micropsalliota Watling. 1999

= Allopsalliota Nauta & Bas in Nauta, 1999

别称 小腹蕈属

图1针囊小蘑菇Micropsalliota digitatocystis的宏观和微观形态 A.B.子实体形态 C.褶缘囊状体 D.侧生囊状体E.担子 F.担孢子 G.菌环菌丝 H.盖表菌丝，比例尺A,B = 1cm C-G = 20μm H = 25μm（引自 Li Jia-Xin等，2021）

Fig 1. Micropsalliota digitatocystis. AB. Basidiomata C. Cheilocystidia D. Pleurocystidia E. Basidia F. Basidiospores G. Annulus hyphae H. Pileipellis hyphae. Bars AB = 1cm, C-G=20μm, H = 25 μm (Retrieved from Li Jia-Xin et.al.2021)

不是所有体型小的蘑菇都属于小蘑菇属——小蘑菇属指的是看上去像蘑菇属Agaricus，但体型更小的种类。

小蘑菇属和蘑菇属的共同点是：均为腐生菌，地生；孢子印颜色深，往往近褐色；菌褶离生；盖表常有鳞片或纤维。

两者的区别在于：小蘑菇属物种虽然在热带地区体型较大（菌盖达10cm宽），但在其他地区体型往往十分小（菌盖<3cm）；孢子褐色，往往杏仁型或船形，内孢壁厚度不均匀，顶端、底端或两端处有加厚，类糊精状，无芽孔；盖表菌丝的结痂色素在NH₄OH中变橄榄绿色。蘑菇属物种体型较大，比较肥厚敦实，热带和温带地区往往都是如此；孢子接近紫褐色，常为长椭圆形、椭圆形至近球形，内壁厚度通常均匀，非糊精质或不明显糊精质，有芽孔但有时不明显；盖表菌丝在NH₄OH中通常不变橄榄绿色。

我国有大量的小蘑菇属资源，在热带地区路边就经常能看到小蘑菇属物种，但因体型小，外貌丑陋而无人愿意采集并研究。

核心特征：伞菌状。腐生，地生。子实体小型至中等体型；菌褶离生，成熟后为褐色或灰色调；孢子印深色；内菌幕存在，膜质；孢子椭圆形至船形（cymbiform），内孢壁通常顶端加厚；盖表菌丝有色素，色素在NH₄OH中变橄榄绿色。

Micropsalliota contains a series of mushrooms, similar to genus Psalliota (which is now called Agaricus), but smaller. What’s the same between the two genera is that they are both saprobes, terrestrial, with a dark spore print (usually brownish), free gills, and fibrillose or squamulose cap.

What’s different:

Micropsalliota species are often small in most regions (cap diameter < 3cm), though they can be huge in tropical areas (cap diameter up to 10cm). They have brown, dextrinoid, usually amygdaliform or cymbiform spores with an apical thickening in the endosporium (sometimes the thickening is on the end, or on both sides – not equally thickened, anyway) and without a germ pore. Their pileipellis hyphae are with incrusted pigment that turns olive-green in NH₄OH.

Agaricus species are somehow sturdier, both in tropical and non-tropical areas. They have purplish brown, non-dextrinoid or slightly dextrinoid spores with equally thickened endosporium and a germ pore (sometimes are not obvious), and pileipellis hyphae that do not turn olive-green in NH₄OH.

Micropsalliota is not a well-studied genus. A lot of Micropsalliota species are hidden in China, wait to be found and published.

Core Features: Agaricoid. Saprobic, terrestrial. Basidiomata small to medium sized; gills free, brownish to greyish when mature; spore print dark; inner veil present, hymenidermal; spores ellipsoid to cymbiform, usually with an apical thickening; pileipellis hyphae with incrusted pigment which turn olive-green in NH₄OH.

描述 Description：

担子果小型至中等，小菇状、光柄菇状。菌盖幼时卵状圆锥形或凸镜形，后逐渐开展至凸镜形、扁圆锥形或近平展，偶尔中部凸起，表面干燥，光滑或丝绸质，底色一般为白色，也有褐色、红褐色、粉色或红色。盖表被纤维丝或纤维状鳞片，鳞片色泽多样，红褐色、紫褐色、咖啡褐色等。菌褶离生，密集，不等长，初白色，后逐渐变灰白色、褐黄色、褐粉色或灰粉色，最后变赭色或褐色。菌柄中生，圆柱形，基本等粗或基部略球状膨大，通常白色，少数红色或紫色，基部菌丝体有时存在，中空，菌环以上光滑或纤维状，菌环以下毛状，多鳞。绝大多数物种存在菌环，菌环膜质，宿存或容易破碎消失。部分物种菌肉受伤变红色、黄色或褐色。

担孢子椭圆形、杏仁形或船型，内孢壁顶端加厚，有时底端也加厚，或者在外孢壁和内孢壁之间有明显空隙（appearing truncated with a space between the endosporium and the outer wall layers），无芽孔，类糊精状，成堆时深褐色至赭色，但一般不是紫色。担子棒状，末端略膨大，4孢。褶缘囊状体存在，形状多变。侧生囊状体一般不存在，即使存在，大小往往也小于褶缘囊状体。盖表皮平伏状表皮（cutis）型，菌丝有结痂色素或胞内色素，色素遇NH₄OH变绿。

生境分布：腐生，地生，单生，散生或簇生。主要分布在非洲、亚洲和美洲，多见于热带地区。在林地表，路边经常出现。

经济价值：食用性未知。

模式物种：Micropsalliota pseudovolvulata

我国已知物种：砖红小蘑菇 M.lateritia、糠鳞小蘑菇M.furfuracea、棕色小蘑菇M.arginophaea、球囊小蘑菇M.globocystis、拟白色小蘑菇M.pseudoarginea、大孢小蘑菇M.megaspora、丝膜肉褐孢小蘑菇M.cortinata、二瓣小蘑菇M.bifida、亚白小蘑菇M.subalba、变红小蘑菇M.megarubescens、M.pseudoglobocystis、M.rubrobrunnesce、雅白小蘑菇（暂拟，其菌盖白色，薄，半透明状）M.delicatula、齿缘小蘑菇（暂拟，种加词直译，指其菌盖边缘锯齿状）M. dentatomarginata、针囊小蘑菇（暂拟，该种拥有侧生囊状体，且侧生囊状体末端针状）M. digitatocystis。不过，我国一定还有大量未发现的物种。

讨论：许多文献中将小蘑菇属物种的褶缘囊状体描述为capitate或subcapitate（头部或中上部有缢缩）。实际上，根据许多小蘑菇属物种报道中提供的褶缘囊状体形态，小蘑菇属的褶缘囊状体形态十分多变，从圆柱状cylindrical、芜菁状napiform、顶端缢缩突起状mucronate、烧瓶状lageniform、顶端缢缩capitate、顶端膨大等多种形态，甚至还有顶端膨大，颈部缢缩，基部再次膨大的形态。不同小蘑菇属的褶缘囊状体形态见图2。

小蘑菇属通常是没有侧生囊状体的。仅M.pleurocystidiata和M.xanthorubescens两个物种的侧生囊状体和褶缘囊状体大小基本相同。M.pseudoglobocystis和M.digitatocystis的侧生囊状体末端会形成一个针尖状的附属物。其他物种往往无侧生囊状体，或侧生囊状体小于褶缘囊状体，不甚明显。资料记载小蘑菇属的盖表菌丝存在结痂色素（encrusting pigment），即附着在菌丝外侧的色素。不过，部分物种并没有结痂色素，而胞内色素存在。《中国真菌志环柄菇卷》中记载小蘑菇属物种的菌盖直径≤3cm，实际上热带地区经常可以看到大型的小蘑菇属物种，其体型甚至可以超过一些蘑菇属物种。多数小蘑菇属物种的菌盖小于2cm宽，最小仅0.3cm宽，但也有一些物种菌盖可以达到10cm。

Allopsalliota 属是蘑菇科下的一个单种属，仅包含了A.geesterani一个物种。该物种十分肥硕壮大（见图5），然而分子研究表明它属于“小”蘑菇属。

关于锁状联合——大多数小蘑菇属论文中都没有提到锁状联合，但是对Allopsalliota的描述中提到了整个子实体都没有锁状联合。

组图2 小蘑菇属的褶缘囊状体形态

A. M.brunneosquamata，褶缘囊状体被描述为napiform, ventricose-clavate, rarely clavate, sometimes mucronate to lageniform（引自 Jie Chen等，2016）

B. M.delicatula，褶缘囊状体被描述为apical capitate, up to 5.8–8.2 μm at the apex with a sinuous or straight neck and a thickened base（引自 Li Jia-Xin等，2021）

C. M.pseudoglobocystis，褶缘囊状体被描述为irregularly cylindrical to subclavate with a subcapitate to capitates apex（引自 Kevin David Hyde等，2015）

Fig 2. Different forms of cheilocystidia in Micropsalliota

A.M.brunneosquamata, cheilocystidia are described as ‘napiform, ventricose-clavate, rarely clavate, sometimes mucronate to lageniform’ (Retrieved from Jie Chen et.al. 2016)

B.M.delicatula, cheilocystidia are described as ‘apical capitate, up to 5.8–8.2 μm at the apex with a sinuous or straight neck and a thickened base’ (Retrieved from Li Jia-Xin et.al. 2021)

C.M.pseudoglobocystis, cheilocystidia are described as ‘irregularly cylindrical to subclavate with a subcapitate to capitates apex’ (Retrieved from Kevin David Hyde et.al. 2015)

图3 泰国北部小蘑菇属的子实体形态（引自 Rui-Lin Zhao等，2010）

A.M. aff. alba B.M. albosericea C-D.M. allantoidea E.M. aff. arginea F.M. arginophaea G.M. bifida H.M.cortinata I.M. furfuracea，比例尺：除D = 20μm以外，比例尺均 = 10mm

Fig 3. Micropsalliota species in Northern Thailand (Retrieved from Rui-Lin Zhao et.al., 2010)

A.M. aff. alba B.M. albosericea C-D.M. allantoidea E.M. aff. arginea F.M. arginophaea G.M. bifida H.M.cortinata I.M. furfuracea, Bars = 10mm, except for D = 20µm

图4 小蘑菇属中体型相对较大的物种：分布于云南的Micropsalliota pseudoglobocystis，菌盖将近6cm宽（引自 Kevin David Hyde等，2015）

Fig 4. Micropsalliota pseudoglobocystis, a rather large Micropsalliota species in Yunnan, cap up to 6cm in diameter (Retrieved from Kevin David Hyde et.al., 2015)

General Description: Basidiomata small to medium in size, mycenoid to pleutioid. Pileus ovoid conical to convex when young, becoming convex, plano-convex or nearly flat, occasionally with a central hump. Surface dry, smooth or silky, usually white as the base color, sometimes brownish, reddish brown, pink or red. Surface covered with fibers or squamules, variated in color, reddish brown, purplish brown, dark brown, etc. Lamellae crowded, free, lamellulae present, whitish at first, becoming greyish white, pale brownish yellow, pale brownish pink or pale greyish pink, finally ochre to brown. Stem central, cylindrical, nearly equal or slightly swollen at the base, usually white, few species reddish or purplish, hollow, basal mycelium sometimes present, above annulus smooth or fibrillose, below annulus squamulose. Annulus usually present in most species, hymenidermal, evanescent or persistent. Some species bruise reddish, yellowish or brownish when injured.

Basidiospores ellipsoid, amygdaliform, with an apical thickening, sometimes with a thickening at the end, or ‘appearing truncated with a space between the endosporium and the outer wall layers’, without a germ pore, dextrinoid, dark brown to ochre in pile, but usually without purplish tones. Basidia clavate, often with a slightly swollen end, 4 spored. Cheilocystidia present, various in shape. Pleurocystidia usually absent, if present then usually smaller than cheilocystidia. Pileipellis a cutis, with incrusted or intracellular pigments which turns olive-green in NH₄OH.

Ecology & Distribution: Saprobic, terrestrial. Gregarious or scattered. Mainly distribute in Asia, Africa and America. Mostly found in tropical area. Common on forestland and roadsides.

Type Species: Micropsalliota pseudovolvata

Known Species in China: M.lateritia, M.furfuracea, M.arginophaea, M.globocystis, M.pseudoarginea, M.megaspora, M.cortinata, M.bifida, M.subalba, M.megarubescens, M.pseudoglobocystis, M.rubrobrunnesce, M.delicatula, M.dentatomarginata, M. digitatocystis

参考资料References

杨祝良主编. 中国真菌志第五十二卷环柄菇类（蘑菇科）[M].2019.科学出版社

王锋尖，周向宇，甘露.采自湖北省的中国小蘑菇属新记录种——砖红小蘑菇[J]2017, 华中师范大学学报(自然科学版) Vol. 51 Issue (5): 651-654

陈言柳，裴男才，张林平，邓旺秋，吴斐，刘萌. 中国小蘑菇属三新记录种[J]2017，江西农业大学学报

孙佳悦、王粤生、王鑫、汪毅、易忠琛、颜俊清、霍光华. 采自江西的2个小蘑菇属中国新记录种[J]2020, 东北林业大学学报

刘伟，陈言柳，张林平，梁俊峰. 2个小蘑菇属中国新记录种[J]2022，热带作物学报

Luis A. Parra, Yan Tan, Meng-Lin Xu, Jun-Liang Zhou. 2016. A reexamination of Allopsalliota indicates synonymy with Micropsalliota (Agariceae, Agaricaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota). Mycoscience 57(5)

Hobart, C. (2005). Allopsalliota geesterani a new invader in Britain. Field Mycology, 6(3), 77–79.

Jie Chen, Kevin David Hyde, Ali Bahkali, Rui-Lin Zhao. 2016. Micropsalliota brunneosquamata, a New Species from Thailand. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 43(4):689-694

Jia-Xin, Mao-Qiang He, Rui-Lin Zhao. 2021. Three new species of Micropsalliota (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from China. Phytotaxa 491(2):167-176

Li Wei, Yong-He Li, Kevin David Hyde, Rui-Lin Zhao. 2015. Micropsalliota pseudoglobocystis, a new species from China. Mycotaxon -Ithaca Ny- 130 (2)(2)

Rui-Lin Zhao, Dennis E Desjardin, Kasem Soytong, Brian A. Perry. 2010. A monograph of Micropsalliota in Northern Thailand based on morphological and molecular data. Fungal Diversity 45(1):33-79

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引用 Cite as

蔡佳铭.小蘑菇属Micropsalliota 菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top

Jiaming Cai. Genus Micropsalliota in China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top

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