担子菌Basidiomycete > 伞菌目Agaricales > 皮孔菌科Porotheleaceae > 老伞属Gerronema

上一次编辑：2022/7/25

Last edit: 2022/7/25

作者：卷柏

By Jiiaming Cai, mycopedia

老伞属Gerronema Singer 1951

图一至二 林地老伞Gerronema nemorale，最为常见的老伞物种之一，也是老伞属的代表形态（左图引自VLADIMÍR ANTONÍN et al. 2008，右图引自Qin Na et al. 2022）

Fig 1 – 2. Gerronema nemorale, a common and representative species in Gerronema (Left retrieved from VLADIMÍR ANTONÍN et al. 2008, right retrieved from Qin Na et al. 2022)

图三 主见老伞 诸犍[zhū jiān]老伞Gerronema zhujian，一种菌盖被毛的老伞（引自Qin Na et al. 2022）

Fig 3. Gerronema zhujian with hairy (tomentose) cap (retrieved from Qin Na et al. 2022)

 

老伞属Gerronema是分类地位未定的一属，常常被放置在小皮伞科或皮孔菌科Porotheleaceae科下。它们是常见的落叶层真菌，生长在倒木或树枝上，形态如同微型的喇叭，拥有漏斗形的菌盖，延生的菌褶和白色至浅黄色的孢子印。多数老伞属的物种体型较小（不过也有菌盖宽度超过10cm的案例），且颜色不鲜艳，往往为黄褐色调，少数物种灰色调或蓝色调。

老伞属的一些物种有稀疏，粗大而延生的菌褶，近似于蜡伞属Hygrophorus；但蜡伞属多数为菌根菌，地生，菌肉肉质；而老伞属一般长在木头或枯枝落叶上，且菌肉有韧性。

亚脐菇属Omphalina是长期以来和老伞属混淆不清的类群，老伞属曾一度被作为亚脐菇属的亚属处理。传统上，认为典型的亚脐菇属盖皮菌丝存在结痂色素或胞内色素，但实际上根据分子生物学证据，部分老伞属物种也拥有色素，两属在形态学上的区别还有待进一步研究。

沟褶菌属Trogia则有窄，脉络状，常分叉的菌褶，且盖表皮层为毛皮型trichoderm而非表皮型cutis。

诸如健伞属Arrhenia、湿柄伞属Hydropus、脐盖菇属Chrysomphalina、小杯伞属Clitocybula等宏观形态相似的类群，最好通过显微或分子方式区分。

分子生物学研究表明，老伞属和大金钱菌属Megacollybia、湿柄伞属Hydropus、小杯伞属Clitocybula、沟褶菌属Trogia、雅薄伞属Delicatula、Mycopan属（以上均为伞菌）以及一种平伏状的多孔菌——毛边皮孔菌Porotheleum fimbriatum构成一个单系群，统称为湿柄伞类hydropoid clade。湿柄伞类和另外两个属共同构成了皮孔菌科。

 

核心特征：子实体小型，偶尔中等大小，亚脐菇状或杯伞状，木生。菌盖一般漏斗形或中部具脐凹，少数外凸。菌柄发育良好，中生或略偏生。无菌幕。孢子光滑，非淀粉质，薄壁。菌盖皮层为表皮型（cutis），偶尔有盖生囊状体，盖表菌丝要么完全无色素，要么部分或全部有壁内或结痂色素。菌盖组织sarcodimitic状。

 

Gerronema are a genus with inconclusive taxonomic position, often placed in Marasmiaceae or Porotheleaceae (based on recent DNA studies). They are common guests on forest litter, been found growing on twigs and rotting logs, somehow looking like minute trumpets, with infundibuliform (just a wacky way of saying funnel-like) cap, decurrent gills and pale spore prints. Most gerronemas are small (but a few species are up to 10 cm in wide) and are not brightly colored, usually with yellowish brown tones. Few species with greyish tones or even striking bluish tones.

The distance, thick, decurrent gills present in some Gerronema species reminds people of Hygrophorus, but Hygrophorus are ectomycorrhizal mushrooms growing on land instead of wood, and unlike Gerronema, the flesh of Hygrophorus are not distinctly rubbery and tough.

Trogia, on the other hand, can be separated by their narrow and frequently forked gills, and trichodermic pileipellis.

Another genus which has been confused with Gerronema all the time is Omphalina. Omphalina are macroscopically similar to Gerronema, but can be separated by having encrusted or intracellular pigments in pileipellis…traditionally. It turns out, some pigmented omphalinoid mushroom species falls into Gerronema on phylogenic trees, so the pigments are actually not a great way to separate these two genera. But what are? We just aren’t sure yet. The morphological differences seem to be ambiguous.

A dozen of genera, such as Arrhenia, Hydropus, Chrysomphalina, Clitocybula are macroscopically similar. Don’t expect me to write down all the differences between Gerronema and each one of these genera here on one page. (And, to be honest, phylogenic tests are basically the only way to separate most of these genera from Gerronema)

 

Phylogenic tree shows that Gerronema forms a monophyletic clade with Megacollybia, Hydropus, Clitocybula, Trogia, Delicatula, Mycopan, and Porotheleum fimbriatum, called hydropoid clade. Hydropoid clade, together with two other genera, forms the family Porotheleaceae.

 

Core Feature: Basidiomata small to (occasionally) medium sized, omphalinoid to clitocyboid, lignicolous (wood-inhabiting). Cap funnel-shaped or umbilicate, rarely umbonate. Stem well-developed, central or slightly eccentric, without veils. Spores smooth, inamyloid, thin-walled. Pileipellis a cutis, sometimes with pleurocystidia, pileal hyphae which are either pigmentless, or partly to entirely pigmented, in the form of encrusting pigments or intracellular pigments. Pileus trama sarcodimitic.

信息描述 Description：

担子体伞菌型，亚脐菇状至杯伞状，小型至中等大小。菌盖漏斗形或中凹，偶尔凸镜形或中凸；颜色一般为黄褐色调或灰褐色调，少数白色、蓝色或其他色调；光滑或被细毛，表面有放射状纤丝，随着生长纤丝被撑开撕裂。菌褶较密至稀疏，延生，较宽，不具分叉，白色至浅黄色，少数淡蓝色，有时菌褶边缘异色。菌肉软或软骨质。菌柄发育良好，中生或略偏生，近圆柱形，基部常略膨大，基部菌丝体存在或不存在。无菌幕。

担孢子椭圆形、长椭圆形、圆柱形、柠檬形至倒梨形，薄壁，非淀粉质，光滑，透明，有油滴。担子一般4孢。侧生囊状体一般不存在，少数物种存在。褶缘囊状体存在或无，存在时近圆柱形、近纺锥形、棒状或烧瓶状。菌盖组织sarcodimitic型。菌盖和菌柄的菌髓菌丝常常凝胶化。锁状联合一般存在，有时不存在。

生境分布：腐生，木生，簇生或群生。常见于落叶层。广泛分布于世界大多数大洲的热带至温带地区。在我国分布广泛。

模式物种：Gerronema melanomphax Singer 1951

 

 

Basidiomata agaricoid, omphalinoid to clitocyboid, small to medium sized. Pileus infundibuliform to umbilicate, rarely convex or umbonate; usually yellowish brown or greyish brown, few species whitish, bluish or variously colored; smooth to tomentose, with radically aligned fibers, which rips apart as the pileus expands. Lamellae close to distant, decurrent, wide, without forked gills, whitish to pale yellowish, few bluish, sometimes lamellae margin differently colored. Context soft or tough. Stem well developed, central or slightly eccentric, subcylindrical, often with a slightly swollen base, basal mycelium present or absent. Veils absent.

Basidiospores ellipsoid, cylindrical, citriform to pyriform, thin walled, inamyloid, smooth, hyaline, guttulate. Basidia usually 4 spored. Pleurocystidia usually absent, few species present. Cheilocystidia present or absent, when present subcylindrical, subfusiform, clavate or lageniform. Pileal trama sarcodimitic. Pileus and stem trama hyphae often gloeoplerous. Clamp connections usually present, sometimes absent.

Ecology & Distribution: Saprobic, lignicolous, in clusters or gregariously. Common on litter. Widely distributed (both in the world and in China).

Economic Value: Gerronema melanomphax Singer 1951

图四 Redhead 1987所定义的“sarcodimitic”型菌髓。指的是组织中包含两种差异颇大的菌丝：一种纺锥状（中间粗，两边细），相对较宽；一种圆柱形，窄，常分支。两种菌丝紧密地结合在一起。图为Xerula furfuracea（=Hymenopellis furfuracea）菌柄菌髓横切面，两种形态的菌丝清晰可见。在老伞属的菌盖，和大金钱菌的菌柄中，都可以看到这种类型的组织，这可能是皮孔菌科的共同特点（引自Redhead 1987）

Fig 4. Sarcodimitic sensu Redhead 1987. Sarcodimitic trama (usually stipe trama) are composed of two types of hyphae: one is fusiform and is relatively broad; the other is cylindrical, branched and is relatively narrow. Two types of hyphae are packed together. The figure shows the cross-section of the stipe trama of Xerula furfuracea ( = Hymenopellis furfuracea), the two types of hyphae are observable. Sarcodimitic tissues are often present in pileus trama of Gerronema and stem trama of Megacollybia. This could be a common type of tissue in all genera in Porotheleaceae. (Retrieved from Redhead 1987)

图五 Gerronema waikanaiensis凝胶状的菌柄菌髓。（引自Cooper 2014）

Fig 5. Gloeoplerous stipe hyphae of Gerronema waikanaiensis. (Retrieved from Cooper 2014)

 

 

钥匙亚洲地区（可能）有分布的老伞属物种检索表Key to (Potential) Species of Gerronema in Asia

1.子实体总体为黄褐色调---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

1.子实体非黄褐色调---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

2.子实体蓝色------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------靛蓝老伞G.indigoticum

2.子实体白色------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------白老伞G.albidum

3.菌盖黄褐色，表面密被灰褐色毛或者鳞片---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------诸犍老伞G.zhujian

3.菌盖光滑，或仅中部有少许鳞片---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

4.侧生囊状体存在------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------黄色老伞G.chrysocarpum

4.侧生囊状体阙如------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

5.褶缘囊状体阙如------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

5.褶缘囊状体存在------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11

6.菌柄菌肉非sarcodimitic型，无锁状联合---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------金褶脐盖菇Chrysomphalina chrysophylla （=Gerronema chrysophyllum）

6.不完全符合上述描述------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

7.子实体较大，成熟菌盖可达80mm宽，菌盖灰褐色、黄褐色、黄白色至灰白色-------------------------------------------------黄褐老伞G.strombodes

7.子实体较小，菌盖黄色调-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8

8.菌褶脉络状，分叉---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------污黄沟褶菌Trogia icterina（=G.icterinum）

8.菌褶不分叉-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9

9.菌盖宽2-3cm---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------柠黄老伞G.citrinum

9.菌盖更小---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10

10.菌盖橙黄色-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G.kuruvense

10.菌盖柠檬黄色，菌柄“insititious”状-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------纤弱老伞G.tenue

11.子实体极为纤弱细小，菌盖宽度通常≤1cm，孢子(6.1) 6.3-7.2(7.5) x (3.3)3.5-4.1(4.3)μm----------------------------------小果老伞G.microcarpum

11.不完全符合上述描述-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12

12.褶缘囊状体达45μm，菌盖宽0.3-2.5cm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------百山祖老伞G.baishanzuense

12.褶缘囊状体宽不超过40μm，菌盖宽不超过2cm----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13

13.子实体幼年时被绒毛，褶缘囊状体数量多-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------林地老伞G.nemorale-G.subclavatum复合群

13.子实体幼年时光滑，褶缘囊状体数量一般-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G.keralense

 

*在C Mohanan 2011的记载中，纤弱老伞G.tenue是存在褶缘囊状体的。但是根据Qin Na et al. 2022，该种不存在褶缘囊状体。这里采用Qin Na et al. 2022的观点。G.bryogeton、G.reclinis、G.xanthophyllum和G.subchrysophyllum在中国生物多样性红色名录大型真菌卷中有记载，但因为资料和证据不足，并未囊括在本检索表中。

 

 

参考资料References

邓树方. 2016. 中国南方裸脚伞属分类暨小皮伞科真菌资源初步研究[D]华南农业大学

图力古尔 主编. 2018. 蕈菌分类学[M]科学出版社

中国生物多样性红色名录-大型真菌卷

LATHA, K. P. D., NANU, S., SHARAFUDHEEN, S. A., & MANIMOHAN, P. (2018). ­­­Two new species of Gerronema (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Kerala State, India. Phytotaxa, 364(1), 81.

LIU, L.-N., MOU, G.-F., & BAU, T. (2019). A new Gerronema species with striking colours from China. Phytotaxa, 405(2), 74.

x Yaping Hu, Hui Zeng, Zhizhong Song, Hui Ding, Xianhao Cheng, Yupeng Ge . 2022. Updated taxonomy on Gerronema (Porotheleaceae, Agaricales) with three new taxa and one new record from China. MycoKeys 89: 87-120

Kuo, M. (2018, October). Gerronema strombodes. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com

Redhead, S. A. (1987). The Xerulaceae (Basidiomycetes), a family with sarcodimitic tissues. Canadian Journal of Botany, 65(8), 1551–1562.

Cooper JA 2014 – New species and combinations of some New Zealand agarics belonging to Clitopilus, Lyophyllum, Gerhardtia, Clitocybe, Hydnangium, Mycena, Rhodocollybia and Gerronema. Mycosphere 5(2), 263–288

VLADIMÍR ANTONÍN, RHIM RYOO and HYEON-DONG SHIN. 2008. Gerronema nemorale (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes): anatomic-morphological, cultivational, enzymatic and molecular characteristics and its first records in the Republic of Korea. CZECH MYCOL. 60(2): 197–212

C Mohanan. 2011. Biodiversity of Terricolous and Lignicolous Macrofungi of the Western Ghats, Kerala

Gerronema xanthophyllum (Kalichovka žlutolupenná). mykologie.net

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蔡佳铭.老伞属Gerronema.菌物志. 2022,7 网站：www.mycopedia.top

Jiaming Cai. Genus Gerronema in China. Mycopedia. 2022,7 Website: www.mycopedia.top

 

 

 

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